Oracle database (Oracle DB) is a relational database management system (RDBMS). Oracle DB is the most believed and widely used database engines. The database is built in the order of a relational database framework, which comprehend the data objects directly. Users can access the database through structured query language (SQL). Oracle is fully scalable relational database architecture. The database is used mostly by the enterprises that have their businesses or offices located across the different continents. Oracle helps in managing and processing data across wide and local area networks. Oracle is all about data performance, data availability, security, compliance, administrating Oracle Database products, etc. Students need to manage and configure data, data centers, hybrid or pure cloud configuration, or even run a large data management cloud service, and so on.
Oracle is a company. Oracle is also a database server, which manages data in a very structured way. It allows users to store and retrieve related data in a multi-user environment so that the users can concurrently access the same data. All this is accomplished while delivering high performance. A database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery. A standby database is a database replica created by taking a backup of a primary database.
Oracle provides software to create and manage the Oracle Database. The database consists of physical and logical structures in which system, user, and control information are stored. The software that manages the database is called the Oracle Database server. Collectively, the software that runs Oracle and the physical database is called the Oracle Database system.
A database buffer cache stores the data in memory for quicker access. The redo logs track and store all the changes made to the database. A Data Guard ensures data protection and high availability of data, and a control file records the physical structure of the database.
A DBA has the authority to create new users, remove the existing users, or modify any of the environment variables or privileges assigned to other users.
In ORDBMS, the objects can be stored as they are. The language of the DBMS can be integrated with an object-oriented programming language. The language may even be exactly the same as that used in the application, which does not force the programmer to have two representations of his objects.
Components of physical database structure are given below.
Components of logical database structure.
A database contains Logical Storage Unit called tablespaces. A tablespace is a set of related logical structures. Actually a tablespace groups related logical structures together.
When the database is created in Oracle database system, it automatically generate a SYSTEM named SYSTEM tablespace. The SYSTEM tablespace contains data dictionary tables for the entire database.
A table is basic unit of data storage in Oracle database. A table contains all the accessible information of a user in rows and columns.
Oracle version number refers:
Varchar can store upto 2000 bytes and varchar2 can store upto 4000 bytes. Varchar will occupy space for NULL values and Varchar2 will not occupy any space. Both are differed with respect to space.
Oracle has been developed using C Language.
RAW datatype is used to store values in binary data format. The maximum size for a raw in a table in 32767 bytes.
The NVL function is used to replace NULL values with another or given value. Example is –
NVL(Value, replace value)
In Oracle, months_between function is used to find number of months between the given dates. Example is –
Months_between(Date 1, Date 2)
Nested table is a data type in Oracle which is used to support columns containing multi valued attributes. It also hold entire sub table.
COALESCE function is used to return the value which is set to be not null in the list. If all values in the list are null, then the coalesce function will return NULL.
Coalesce(value1, value2,value3,…)
A BLOB data type is a varying length binary string which is used to store two gigabytes memory. Length should be specified in Bytes for BLOB.
Comments in Oracle can be represented in two ways –
Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used to access and manipulate data in the existing objects. DML statements are insert, select, update and delete and it won’t implicitly commit the current transaction.
Translate is used for character by character substitution and Replace is used substitute a single character with a word.
Duplicate rows can be removed by using the keyword DISTINCT in the select statement.
NVL is a function, which helps the user to substitute a value if null is encountered for an expression.
It can be used as the below syntax.
[NVL (Value_In, Replace_With)]
Primary key is used to identify each table row uniquely, while a Unique Key prevents duplicate values in a table column. Given below are few differences:
Aggregate functions perform summary operations on a set of values to provide a single value. There are several aggregate functions that we use in our code to perform calculations.
Few of them are listed below:
Set operator facilitates the user to fetch the data from two or more than two tables at once if the columns and relative data types are same in the source tables.
Deadlock is a situation when two or more users are simultaneously waiting for the data, which is locked by each other and hence, results in all blocked user sessions.
An index is a schema object, which is created to search the data efficiently within the table. Indexes are usually created on certain columns of the table, which are accessed the most.
Indexes can be clustered or non-clustered.
We can pass IN, OUT & INOUT parameters through a stored procedure and they should be defined while declaring the procedure itself.
Every sector in the industry is watching a job crunch. However, when it is about Artificial Intelligence and Oracle, the need for skilled professionals of Oracle are at higher side. Oracle participants having in-depth knowledge and obtained skill-based training are able to discover better career opportunities in the worldwide job marketplaces. Besides, Oracle has occupied the topmost place in the arena of Artificial Intelligence. A Oracle participants is expected a minimum salary of 42, 000 dollars per annum. However, the salary of an experienced Oracle expert can reach to its double. The salaries are very reliant upon the location, business, and the company’s requirements.
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